Ko tētahi o ngā hangarau matua o ngā waka hiko hou ko ngā pākahiko. Ko te kounga o ngā pākahiko te mea e whakatau ana i te utu o ngā waka hiko i tētahi taha, me te tawhiti taraiwa o ngā waka hiko i tētahi atu taha. He mea nui tēnei mō te whakaaetia me te tere o te whakamahi.
E ai ki ngā āhuatanga whakamahinga, ngā whakaritenga me ngā mara tono o ngā pākahiko hiko, ko ngā momo rangahau me te whanaketanga o ngā pākahiko hiko i te kāinga me tāwāhi ko: ngā pākahiko waikawa-mata, ngā pākahiko nickel-cadmium, ngā pākahiko nickel-metal hydride, ngā pākahiko lithium-ion, ngā pūtau wahie, me ētahi atu, ā, ko te whanaketanga o ngā pākahiko lithium-ion te mea tino arohia.
Te whanonga whakaputa wera o te pākahiko hiko
Ko te pūtake wera, te tere whakaputa wera, te kaha wera o te pākahiko me ētahi atu tawhā e pā ana ki te waeine pākahiko mana e pā tata ana ki te āhua o te pākahiko. Ko te wera e tukuna ana e te pākahiko e whakawhirinaki ana ki te āhua matū, miihini me te hiko me ngā āhuatanga o te pākahiko, inā koa te āhua o te tauhohenga hiko. Ko te kaha wera e puta ana i roto i te tauhohenga pākahiko ka taea te whakaatu e te wera tauhohenga pākahiko Qr; ka meinga e te pōroiti hiko te ngaohiko tuturu o te pākahiko kia rerekē mai i tōna kaha hiko taurite, ā, ko te ngaronga pūngao i puta mai i te pōroiti pākahiko ka whakaatuhia e Qp. Haunga te tauhohenga pākahiko e haere tonu ana i runga i te whārite tauhohenga, kei reira anō hoki ētahi tauhohenga taha. Ko ngā tauhohenga taha noa ko te wetewete irahiko me te tuku-ake a te pākahiko. Ko te wera tauhohenga taha e puta ana i roto i tēnei tukanga ko Qs. Hei tāpiri, nā te mea ka ātete tetahi pākahiko, ka puta te wera Joule Qj ina puta te iahiko. Nō reira, ko te wera katoa o te pākahiko ko te tapeke o te wera o ngā āhuatanga e whai ake nei: Qt=Qr+Qp+Qs+Qj.
I runga anō i te tukanga utu (whakakore) motuhake, he rerekē anō hoki ngā āhuatanga matua e whakaputa ana i te wera o te pākahiko. Hei tauira, ina utua noa te pākahiko, ko Qr te āhuatanga matua; ā, i te wāhanga whakamutunga o te utu pākahiko, nā te pirau o te electrolyte, ka tīmata ngā tauhohenga taha (ko te wera tauhohenga taha ko Qs), ina tata kī tonu te pākahiko, ā, kua nui rawa te utu. Ko te mea nui ka tupu ko te pirau electrolyte, ko Qs te mea nui. Ko te wera Joule Qj e whakawhirinaki ana ki te ia me te ātete. Ko te tikanga utu e whakamahia whānuitia ana ka mahia i raro i te ia pumau, ā, he uara motuhake a Qj i tēnei wā. Heoi, i te wā tīmatanga me te whakaterenga, he teitei te ia. Mō te HEV, he rite tēnei ki te ia o ngā tekau amperes ki ngā rau amperes. I tēnei wā, he tino nui te wera Joule Qj, ā, koia te pūtake matua o te tukunga wera pākahiko.
Mai i te tirohanga o te whakahaere wera, ka taea te wehewehe i ngā pūnaha whakahaere wera kia rua ngā momo: te kaha me te kore mahi. Mai i te tirohanga o te reo whakawhiti wera, ka taea te wehewehe i ngā pūnaha whakahaere wera ki: te whakamatao-hau, te whakamatao-wai, me te rokiroki wera huringa-āhuatanga.
Te whakahaere wera mā te hau hei reo whakawhiti wera
He pānga nui tō te reo whakawhiti wera ki te mahi me te utu o te pūnaha whakahaere wera. Ko te whakamahinga o te hau hei reo whakawhiti wera he whakauru tika i te hau kia rere mā roto i te waeine pākahiko kia tutuki ai te kaupapa o te whakamarara i te wera. I te nuinga o te wā, me whakamahi ngā pā hau, te hauhautanga tomo me te hauhautanga putanga me ētahi atu wāhanga.
E ai ki ngā momo puna hau e puta mai ana, ko ēnei momo e whai ake nei te nuinga:
1 Whakamatao kore mahi me te hauhautanga o waho
2. Whakamatao/whakamahana kore mahi mō te whakapūngao hau i roto i te wāhi noho o ngā pāhihi
3. Te whakamatao/te whakamahana kaha o te hau o waho, o te hau rānei i roto i te rūma noho
He tino māmā te hanganga o te pūnaha kore mahi, ā, ka whakamahia tika te taiao o nāianei. Hei tauira, ki te hiahia kia whakamahanahia te pākahiko i te takurua, ka taea te whakamahi i te taiao wera i roto i te wāhi noho o ngā pāhihi hei hongi i te hau. Ki te tino teitei te pāmahana o te pākahiko i te wā e taraiwa ana, ā, kāore i te pai te pānga whakamatao o te hau i roto i te wāhi noho o ngā pāhihi, ka taea te hongi i te hau matao mai i waho hei whakamatao.
Mō te pūnaha hohe, me whakatū he pūnaha motuhake hei whakarato i ngā mahi whakamahana, whakamatao rānei, ā, me whakahaere motuhake i runga i te āhua o te pākahiko, ka piki ake hoki te whakapaunga pūngao me te utu o te waka. Ko te whiriwhiri i ngā pūnaha rerekē e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā whakaritenga whakamahinga o te pākahiko.
Te whakahaere wera me te wai hei reo whakawhiti wera
Mō te whakawhiti wera me te wai hei reo, me whakatū he whakawhitiwhiti whakawhiti wera i waenga i te kōwae me te reo wai, pērā i te uhi wai, hei whakahaere i te whakamahana me te whakamatao ā-kore i roto i te āhua o te whakawhiti wera me te kawe wera. Ko te reo whakawhiti wera ka taea te wai, te ethylene glycol, te Refrigerant rānei. Kei reira anō te whakawhiti wera tika mā te tuku i te wahi pou ki roto i te wai o te dielectric, engari me mahi ngā mahi whakamarumaru hei karo i te ara iahiko poto.
Ko te whakamatao wai kore mahi ka whakamahi i te whakawhiti wera o te hau wai-taiao, kātahi ka whakaurua ngā kōkōni ki roto i te pākahiko hei whakawhiti wera tuarua, ko te whakamatao kaha ia ka whakamahi i ngā whakawhiti wera o te wai whakamatao-wai miihini, te whakamahana hiko/hinu wera rānei hei whakatutuki i te whakamatao tuatahi. Te whakamahana, te whakamatao tuatahi me te hau/hauhautanga hau o te kāpene pāhihi.
Ko te pūnaha whakahaere wera me te hau me te wai hei reo e hiahia ana ki ngā pā hau, ngā papu wai, ngā whakawhiti wera, ngā whakamahana (Whakamahana hau PTC), ngā paipa me ētahi atu taputapu hei whakanui rawa, hei whakauaua hoki i te hanganga, ā, ka pau hoki te kaha o te pākahiko, ka whakaitihia te kiato mana me te kiato kaha o te pākahiko.
(PTC whakamataowhakamahana) Ka whakamahia e te pūnaha whakamatao pākahiko wai-whakamatao te wai whakamatao (50% wai/50% ethylene glycol) hei whakawhiti wera mai i te pākahiko ki te pūnaha whakamatao hauhautanga mā te whakamatao pākahiko, kātahi ki te taiao mā te whakapūmau. He ngāwari te tae atu ki te pāmahana wai kawemai ki te pāmahana iti iho i muri i te whakawhiti wera e te whakamatao pākahiko, ā, ka taea te whakarite i te pākahiko kia mahi i te awhe pāmahana mahi pai rawa atu; kei te whakaatuhia te kaupapa o te pūnaha i roto i te pikitia. Ko ngā wāhanga matua o te pūnaha whakamatao ko: te whakapūmau, te kōpeke hiko, te whakamomona, te takirere whānui me te takirere aukati, te whakamatao pākahiko (takirere whānui me te takirere aukati) me ngā paipa hauhautanga, me ētahi atu; kei roto i te ara iahiko wai whakamatao:papu wai hiko, pākahiko (tae atu ki ngā pereti whakamatao), ngā pouaka whakamatao pākahiko, ngā paipa wai, ngā tāke whakawhānui me ētahi atu taputapu.
Wā tuku: Hōngongoi-13-2023
